On the first of Muharram in 567 Ah/1171 ad, the last candle was extinguished in the lifetime of the Fatimid state, which lasted about (262 years) with the death of its last successor in Egypt, the caliph (who supported the religion of Allah), so Salah al-Din interrupted the sermon in Egypt to the Fatimid caliph and gave it to the Abbasid caliph (Hassan al-mustadid by the command of Allah), thus Egypt returned to the Al-Adil Nur al-Din Mahmud, who inherited from his father Sultan (Imad al-Din Zinki) the project of liberating Jerusalem and the Levant coasts from the Crusader invaders, but fate was urgent and he died at the age of 56 on May 15, 1174 ad before His project sees the light.

With the death of Sultan Al-Malik (Al-Adil Nur al-Din Mahmud), the conflict and discord between the Princes Al-Zenki over who has the right to guardianship over his 11-year-old son (the righteous king Ismail), so some of them were forced to appease the Crusaders and pay a financial tribute to them in exchange for support to win the Regency throne, and in front of this bitter reality, Saladin moved his forces from Egypt towards the Levant, after Shams al-Din Muhammad the Crusaders followed in their wake and chased the zengid princes and seized their cities in Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo, the last of which was Mosul on the Euphrates island in 577 ah/1181 ad, and then managed to form a wide Islamic front stretching from The Euphrates in the east to Cyrenaica (Libya) in the West, and from Mosul and Aleppo in the north to Egypt and Yemen in the south, with the aim of encircling the Crusader Emirates in Jerusalem and the Levant coasts between the jaws of pliers.

In the year 583 Ah/1187 ad, "Arnat", the owner of the Karak and Shobak fortress in Jordan, raided the caravans of pilgrims heading to Mecca, so Saladin sent Saladin to all his men and his helpers in all corners of his state asking them to come with their troops to prepare for the upcoming war with the Crusaders, and indeed on Saturday, 25 Rabi al-Thani, 583 Ah/July 4, 1187, the most decisive battle in history took place, namely the Battle of Hattin between the Muslims led by Saladin and the Crusaders led by the the battle ended with a crushing victory for the Ayyubid army over the Crusader army, and the capture of the king of the kingdom of Jerusalem Guy (de Lusignan) and a number of He was surrounded by Crusader princes and barons, including "Arnat", the owner of the Karak fortress, and Al-shawbak, who was killed by Saladin as a punishment for his attack on the pilgrims ' caravans.

After the Battle of Hattin, Saladin was able to seize the coastal cities from the Crusaders one by one, acre, Beirut, Sidon, Jaffa, Caesarea, Ashkelon, and in September 1187, immediately upon his arrival in Jerusalem, he imposed a severe siege on them, the garrison of Jerusalem, which initially despaired of defending it, had no choice but to surrender to the fait accompli, and in front of the insistence of Saladin and his soldiers to liberate Jerusalem, the city surrendered on October 2, 1187, by opening its doors, and the yellow banner of Sultan Saladin fluttered over the minarets of Jerusalem.

The Muslim siege and recapture of Jerusalem

 After the victory of Saladin (532 Ah/1138 ad-589 Ah/1193 AD) in the Battle of Hattin in 583 Ah/1187 ad, he ordered the conquest of the cities and castles controlled by the Franks, and after the mission of the Ayyubid forces ended by retaking most of the areas, the Sultan decided to head himself towards Jerusalem, where the enemy was greatly horrified by this decision (Isfahani, 1965: 117).

 The Sultan reached it on Sunday, Rajab 15, 583 Ah / September 20, 1187 ad, and landed on the western side of it, and the Islamic forces were staying there, and the number of these forces was estimated to be about sixty thousand (the same reference before).

The Sultan decided to focus on the northern side of the City (Ibn Shaddad, 1964: 81; Isfahani, 1965: 43 and 124), where the Muslims set up fireplaces in it, and that was on Sunday, Rajab 15 in 583 Ah/September 20 in 1187 ad until they reached the city wall and excavated it, and began to attack at the gate of the column on the northern side of the Old City, and the Muslims carried a one-man campaign (Abu Shama, C.3, the 1997: 330-331). When the Crusaders saw this, they asked for safety from the Muslim forces (Abu Shama, J3, 1997: 330-331; Ibn Wasil, J2, 1957: 212).

Peace negotiations between Sultan Saladin and the Frankish

As Saladin's attack on Jerusalem intensified, the discord within the city between Christian communities widened (said Al-bishawi, 2009: 171).

 Some references mention the conspiracy of the orthodox in the sanctuary with Saladin, and the existence of secret contacts between the parties in which the Orthodox pledged to open the gates of the city. (Ibn Wasil, J2, 1957: 213-214; Abu Shama, J3, 1997: 340-341).

 Balian de Ibelin Balian of Ibelin (534 Ah/1140 ad-588 Ah/1193 AD) did not immediately realize the impossibility of resistance. Especially because of the shortage of men and fighters, it was even said that at that time in Jerusalem there was one man for every fifty women and children (Ibn Wasel, J2, 1957: 213-214; Abu Shama, J3, 1997: 340-341).

Therefore, " they sent a group of their elders to ask for safety and the surrender of Jerusalem "on condition of respect for those in the city from the Franks, and to allow those who wish to leave it. These were the same conditions that Saladin had previously offered and Balian refused. But Saladin insisted on the unconditional surrender of the city (the same as the previous references).

 When the position of the Franks inside Jerusalem worsened, they again tried to convince Saladin to pardon them, and Balian, the "son of Barzan", came out himself to take Saladin's sympathy (the same as the previous references). When Saladin insisted on his position, Balian resorted to intimidation and threats, so Saladin's position was to insist on resistance and steadfastness in the face of the occupiers .

The agreement to hand over Jerusalem and liberate it without a fight

Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi and his companions agreed to let the Christians leave the city in exchange for ten dinars to redeem the man from them "to equal the rich and the poor", five dinars to redeem the woman, and one dinar for the child. As for the poor Franks, Saladin agreed that Balyan would pay seven thousand of them a total of thirty thousand dinars (Ibn Shaddad, 1964: 82). Saladin stipulated that this should be within forty days (Ashur, Vol.2, 1978: 788-789).

 Jerusalem was liberated peacefully in 583 Ah / 1187 ad. When Sultan Saladin pitched his tents in front of the walls of Jerusalem," they handed over the city on the condition that they would be freed with all the luggage they could carry, and that he would take over their protection himself to safer lands " (Jacob Vetri, 1998: 152).

 The peace was based on the Crusaders paying tribute for each person. Prayers were also held in the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and Saladin performed prayers in the dome of the rock after it was cleaned and cleared of dirt and garbage that had been left by the Crusaders (Al-Mansouri, 1998: 4; Al-maqrizi, C1, Q1: 1957: 122).

Jerusalem in the Ayyubid era

Saladin resided in Jerusalem, and Prince Ali ibn Ahmad Al-mashtob was at his service (Mujir al-Din al-Hanbali, 1973: 341). When he left the holy city behind his brother, King Saif al-Din Al-Adil, he decided on its rules (Ibn Shaddad, 1964: 83).

She did not lose sight of the Sultan's eye on Jerusalem, as he came to visit her in 587 Ah/1191 ad, and when he arrived, he visited the House of the priest next to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Ibn al-Athir, C12, 1966: 74; Al-maqrizi, C1, Q1, 1957: 134).

He proceeded to fortify the city, ordered to dig a deep trench, erected a wall, brought 2000 prisoners from the Franks, renovated military towers from Bab al-Amud to Bab al-mihrab (Bab al-Hebron), spent considerable money on them, divided the construction of the wall on his children, his Just brother and princes, supervised that construction (Ibn al-Athir, C12, 1966: 74; Al-maqrizi, C1, Q1, 1957: 134).

Sultan Saladin's stay was prolonged to strengthen the country and build its walls, he renovated the sacred rock architecture, completed the wall and the moat, and walked very well (Mujir al-Din al-Hanbali, Vol.1, 1973: 384).

Salah al-Din was involved in the transportation of stones and architecture by the Kings and princes of the Ayyubid state, as well as judges, scholars, Sufis, ascetics, guardians, and the entire population of Jerusalem (al-Baghdadi, 1998: 44; Mujir al-Din al-Hanbali, J1, 1973: 385-384). The Sultan stopped a third of Nablus ' income and business for the interests of Jerusalem and the architecture of its wall (Mujir al-Din al-Hanbali, Vol.2, 1973: 385-384).

He arranged several chambers in the Jerusalem house in each chamber, including a number of Deputies from the Egyptians, including from the shamites (Isfahani, 1965: 129).

* Repair the sand

Negotiations between Sultan Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi and Richard the Lionheart Richard the Lionheart (551 Ah/1157-595 Ah/1199) resulted in the signing of the Ramla agreement on the date of 21 Sha'ban of 588 Ah / September 12 of 1192, according to the following conditions:

"The agreement will last for a period of three years and three months, Lod and Ramle will be equally divided between Muslims and Franks, Ashkelon will remain a ruin that will not survive in the hands of Muslims, and the coastal plain from Ras Naqoura to Jaffa will be in the hands of the Franks, and Christian pilgrims will be allowed to visit Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nazareth without paying any taxes. The region extending beyond Jaffa to Rafah will be with the Muslims,Sidon, Beirut and Byblos will be with the Muslims, as well as the Inland country" (Runciman, vol. 3, 2002: 73).

The Sultan allowed the Franks to visit Jerusalem after the signing of the Ramla agreement (Ibn al-Athir, C12, 1966: 86). As for him, he went to Jerusalem, and ordered a tight

The situation of Jerusalem after the death of Sultan Saladin

Jerusalem and its neighboring cities, villages and castles were for the Dear Uthman, and Damascus and Tiberias remained for the better Nur al-Din "this was agreed upon in 590 Ah/1193 AD among the princes of the Ayyubid state after the death of Sultan Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi" (Ibn al-Athir, C.12, 1966: 110).

Al-Aziz Uthman ibn Saladin's control over Jerusalem did not last, because Sultan Saif al-Din Al-Adil (Saladin's brother) and the better Nur al-Din ibn Saladin sent a letter to Al-Aziz's deputy in Jerusalem and handed over the city to them (said Al-bishawi, 2009: 175-176).

The subordination of Jerusalem to the best Nur ad-Din was confirmed in 595 Ah/1198 ad. This is confirmed by the fact that the best met two horsemen who were sent to him from Jerusalem, and they told him that whoever was in Jerusalem had become obedient to him (Ibn al-Athir, A12, 1966: 141).

The Great King Isa (615-624 Ah/1218-1227 ad) built the Hanafi madrasa near the door of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and built a place called the grammar school to work with the knowledge of Arabic, and stood on this endowment, and renewed the architecture of the arches located on the tribal staircase of the rock and most of the wooden doors installed on the doors of the mosque were occupied in his days, and this is confirmed by the fact that his name is inscribed on it (Mujir al-Din al-Hanbali, 1973: 403).

When Al-Mu'azzam learned that the Crusaders were heading to Jerusalem, he decided to demolish the city in 616 Ah/March 1219 ad, so he sent Aziz Uthman and Izz al-Din Aybek to turn around asking them to demolish the city, as they hesitated to do so (Al-maqrizi, J1, Q1, 1957: 240).

With the fall of the kingdom of Jerusalem, all of Europe collapsed in 1189 to speed up preparations for a third crusade to restore Jerusalem, with the support and instigation of the religious authority in Rome represented by the pope and Cardinals, so the legions of the Crusader armies flocked to the Levant, headed by Richard the Lionheart King of England, and although the Third Crusade managed to regain a number of coastal cities, such as acre, Jaffa, Haifa and Ashkelon, but it could not regain Jerusalem, and in June 1192 after the Battle of Arsuf, it was concluded "the peace of Ramla" between Saladin and Richard the Lionheart, on the understanding that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, while Christian pilgrims and merchants would be allowed to visit Jerusalem, left Richard the Lionheart went to Europe on October 9, 1192, dragging the tails of disappointment.

The role of the just king in countering the Crusaders

After the death of Salah al-Din on 27 Safar in 589 Ah/March 4, 1193 AD, the Ayyubid state was divided between his sons, so Egypt was the share of Imad al-Din Abi Al-Fath Osman, nicknamed(Aziz), and Damascus was the share of the best Nur al-Din Ali, but the conflict broke out between the Sons of Salah al-Din on the throne of the Ayyubid state, which opened the appetite of the Crusaders who captured the city of Byblos and its castle in 590 Ah/1194 ad, the just king intervened in the conflict between his nephews, Salah al-Din to restore things to normal, and took advantage of his obtaining the guardianship of Nasir al-Din ibn al-Aziz, the Sultan of Egypt, until he deposed him and unified Egypt and the Levant under his authority in 596 Ah/1200 AD.

During the reign of King Al-Adil, The Crusader raids on the Ayyubid cities in the Levant did not stop, including: the Fifth Crusade in 614 Ah/1217 ad, as the Crusader hordes began to arrive in Acre in the form of payments, and the Crusaders gathered their largest military force since the Third Crusade, and they began their campaign by raiding the cities and coasts of the Levant, so they besieged Banias and destroyed its acre.

In the year 615 Ah/1218 ad, the Crusader war council held in Acre decided to attack Damietta, the gate of Egypt from the sea side, so King Al-Adil hastened to send most of his troops to Egypt to defend it under the command of his son (Sultan Al-Kamil), he also asked his two sons (MU'azzam Isa) owner of Damascus and(Ashraf Musa) owner of Aleppo to attack the strongholds of the Crusaders in the Levant to distract them from Egypt, and during the desperate attempts of the Crusaders to storm Damietta, King Al-Adil died in 615 Ah/1218, he was buried in Damascus.

The Sultan's full role in countering the Fifth Crusade

Sultan Al-Kamil took over Egypt after the death of his father, King Al-Adil, in exceptional circumstances, as the Crusaders had tightened their siege on the city of Damietta, Sultan Al-Kamil equipped a land force with dozens of ships and surprised the Crusader forces during the siege of Damietta, but they managed to repel his attack, and in an attempt by Sultan Al-Kamil to break the siege of Damietta, he proposed to the Crusaders to cede Nablus, Sidon, Ashkelon, Tiberias, Latakia and all that Sultan Saladin in exchange for keeping Karak and the rolling pin in his hand, paying for the re-fortification of Jerusalem after its surrender and the rest of the castles destroyed by Muslims in the Levant, and returning the crucifixion cross (the symbol of the Crusades)، The truce lasts for 30 years, and in order to ensure the proper implementation of the offer, Sultan Al-Kamil pledged to provide 20 hostages from his relatives to be kept by the Crusaders for two years so that the Crusaders would ensure that the Sultan Al-Kamil would not betray them.a number of princes and Barons of the Crusaders expressed their willingness to accept Sultan Al-Kamil's generous offer, but the pope's messengers and priests strongly rejected the offer.

After a siege that lasted almost 19 months, Damietta fell in November 1219 to the invading crusader forces, and then the Crusaders advanced to capture Cairo, but they could not advance due to the Sultan's full exploitation of the Nile flood to flood the Crusader forces, and the Crusader forces were forced to accept the surrender of Damietta and leave Egyptian territory after they found that they were besieged by the forces of Sultan Kamil.

Sultan Al-Kamil handed over Jerusalem to Emperor Frederick II

Treaty of Jaffa

At Sultan Al-Kamil's request from Emperor Frederick II to help him against his brother (Al-Mu'azzam Isa), Frederick II in 625 Ah/1228 ad stripped the Sixth Crusade at the head of a small military force said 600 Knights and arrived in the city of Acre, and asked Sultan Al-Kamil to fulfill his pledge to surrender Jerusalem, but Sultan Al-Kamil refused to surrender Jerusalem due to the change of rules of engagement after the death of his brother Al-Mu'azzam Isa.

However, Emperor Frederick II repeated a demand to Sultan Al-Kamil to hand over Jerusalem, and it even came to the point of the Sultan's full sympathy to the point of groveling and crying, and even wrote to Sultan Al-Kamil during the negotiations: "I am your king and your old man and I have nothing to do with what you order an exit, and you know that I am the greatest of the Kings of the sea, and the pope and the Kings have learned of my interest and aspiration, if I return disappointed, my sanctity will be broken among them".

The assumption of power by Nasser Dawud Ibn Al-Mu'azzam Isa in Damascus, Jalal al-Din al-Khwarizmi's intentions to expand to the West (the Levant and Egypt), and the presence of the Crusaders a stone's throw from Jerusalem after Emperor Frederick II completed his fortifications in Jaffa, increased Sultan Al-Kamil's fears, prompting him to accept the surrender of Jerusalem.

Emperor Frederick II met with the Sultan Al-Kamil, with whom he concluded the "Jaffa" agreement, which was written in Arabic and French in the spring of the first 627 Ah / February / 1229 ad, and the agreement provided for: 

"The term of the agreement is ten years and five months; Jerusalem is handed over to the Franks on condition that its walls are not renewed. The villages of the Jerusalem area remain in Muslim hands, and a wali is appointed to them, whose seat is in the town of Al-Bireh, north of Jerusalem. Lod, Nazareth, Bethlehem, Sidon and the villages along the road between Jerusalem and Acre are in the hands of the Franks. Emperor Frederick II pledges that the Haram al-Sharif, including the shrines, will remain in the hands of Muslims, and they will hold Islamic rituals of Azan, prayer and others. Emperor Frederick II undertakes to prevent the Crusades from reaching Egypt and the Levant for the duration of the treaty" (said Al-bishawi, 2009: 117; Runciman, vol.3, 2002: 69).

Kamil Mehmed and Emperor Frederick II Frederick of Hohenstauten (590 Ah/1194 ad-647 Ah/1250 AD) concluded this agreement on 28 Rabi al-Awwal in 626 Ah / February 25, 1229 ad, which provided for the complete cession of the holy to the Franks under the following conditions:

1-the holy house was handed over to the Emperor (Frederick II) on the condition that the city walls and fortifications remain a ruin and not to renew the walls.

2-The Crusaders take Bethlehem and Nazareth.

3-the Crusaders should not have a foothold outside the city of Jerusalem.

4-The Villages of Beit al-Maqdis and its suburbs should remain in the hands of Muslims, provided that they are managed by a Muslim Wali and Al-Bireh is his headquarters.

5-the Temple Mount, including landmarks such as the rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque, remains in the hands of Muslims and the emblem of Islam remains visible there.

6-the villages located on the road between Jerusalem and both acre and Jaffa will be under the administration of the Crusaders to protect the souls of pilgrims and ensure their safety.

7. Emperor Frederick II undertakes to take part in the full-fledged defense of the Sultan against any enemy, even if it is the crusaders themselves.

The Jaffa Agreement and the subsequent submission and surrender of Jerusalem provoked a tidal wave of indignation and sorrow in the entire Islamic public opinion, and among jurists and scholars in particular, and Muslims considered the surrender of Jerusalem in this way a disgrace in the forehead of the Ayyubid house in general, and the full Sultan in particular.

 The Franks did not comply with what was agreed, Umar lost in the west of the Sanctuary "a fortress, they made the tower of David out of its towers, and the rest of this tower was not destroyed because most of the walls of Jerusalem were destroyed" (Ibn Wasel, C.5, 1977: 246).

 Jamal al-Din ibn Wasil, who lived in Jerusalem in 641 Ah/1243 ad, mentions watching monks drinking wine on the holy rock, a bell hanging inside the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and forbidding Azan and prayer in the Haram al-Sharif (Ibn Wasil, Vol. 5, 1977: 333).

After the conquest of the city by the Franks, the righteous king Najm al-Din Ayyub (603 Ah/1205-647 Ah/1249) allied with the khwarezmians and with their help was able to liberate the city of Jerusalem in Safar 642 Ah/1244 (Ibn Wasel, C.5, 1977: 336-337; Al-maqrizi, C. 1, 1970: 418).

In the year 623 Ah/1226 ad, a conflict broke out between Sultan Al-Kamil and his brother (Al-Mu'azzam Isa) the owner of Damascus over the rule, so Al-Mu'azzam Isa used Sultan Jalal al-Din al-Khwarizmi, Sultan of the khwarizm state in Persia and beyond the river, in return, Sultan Al-Kamil used the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in Germany (Frederick II), and Sultan Al-Kamil pledged to Frederick II to grant him Jerusalem, and all the conquests of Saladin in the Levant coast in case of his help, but death Jesus died in 1227.

Al-maqrizi describes the pain that befell the Muslims by saying: (the crying intensified, the shouting and howling intensified, and the imams and muezzins came from Jerusalem to the camp of Sultan Al-Kamil, and they called at his door at the wrong time for the call to prayer, and the denial of Sultan Al-Kamil intensified, and there were many intercessions for him in other countries).

The struggle of the Ayyubid Princes for power and influence

On March 6, 1238, after the death of (King Kamel) and the surrender of the city of Jerusalem to(Frederick II) King of Germany, the Ayyubid Princes after him entered into a power struggle and the distribution of positions; the Ayyubid princes, including (Saleh Imad al-Din Ismail) owner of Baalbek and(Nasser David) owner of Karak, agreed to install (Adil II) son of King Kamel Sultan over Egypt instead of his older brother (Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub) who was on a military mission to capture the city of in return, there was a barter that confused the Ayyubid Princes in the Levant, namely the cession of Damascus (King Jawad Muzaffar al-Din) to (Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub).

Al-Adil II, the owner of Egypt, felt fear after his brother (Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub) became the Prince of Damascus, and what made it worse was the demand of the senior army commanders in Egypt from (Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub) to come to Egypt to possess it and promise support, so (Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub) moved his forces from Damascus to Egypt, and on his way captured a number of cities such as Nablus and the ravines, but the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustansir by Allah (1226-1242) he mediated between the two brothers and asked (Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub) to reconcile with his brother (Al-Adil II) for the sake of blood, so Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub stopped his march towards Egypt out of respect for the Abbasid caliph.

King Nasser betrayed David and surrendered Jerusalem after its liberation

While (Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub) is camped in Nablus (Palestine), his uncle (Saleh Imad al-Din Ismail) managed to attack and besiege Damascus, and when (Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub) learned of the siege of Damascus, he went urgently to protect it, but (Saleh Imad al-Din Ismail) had captured Damascus, so (Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub) decided to return to Nablus, and on the way back a large number of his soldiers his uncle (an-Nasir Dawood) the owner of Karak, so (an-Nasir Dawood) sent some princes to him at the head of three hundred knights claiming to protect him, but they arrested him and his concubine Shajar Al-Dur.

While (Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub) was in captivity with his cousin (Nasser Dawood), the Crusaders in Jerusalem took the step of building a fortress inside the city, so Nasser Dawood considered it an opportunity to attack the city of Jerusalem and appear as a hero in front of Muslims in the Islamic world, so he equipped a military force and marched at its head, besieged the city of Jerusalem and hit it with a catapult and captured it and drove the Crusaders out of it on December 7, 1239 after besieging it for about 20 days.

Seven months after the arrest of (Nasser Dawood) Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub at the Karak Castle, (Nasser Dawood) decided to exploit the conflict between the Ayyubid princes and seize Egypt, so he released (Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub) in exchange for sharing power in the event of the seizure of Egypt, when they moved towards Egypt, Sultan (Al-Adil II) prepared a military force to confront them, but the senior army commanders turned against him and arrested him, and sent to (Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub) Cairo is crowned as the sultan of Egypt and denies the vows that he had made to (Nasser David), who committed a disgraceful act of surrendering Jerusalem to the Crusaders after he had liberated it A year ago, in spite of his cousin (Saleh Najmuddin Ayub).

Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub and the Battle of Gaza in 1244

The takeover of Egypt by (Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub) posed a real threat to the Ayyubid Princes in the Levant, so (Saleh Imad al-Din Ismail) asked the Crusaders to help him in exchange for handing over all that (Salah al-Din) had conquered, and then the conflict developed strikingly to the establishment of an (Ayyubid-Crusader) alliance against Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub in Egypt, and until (Saleh Imad al-Din Ismail) he even arrived with the Crusaders as a result of the leniency (of the righteous Imad al-Din Ismail) from climbing to the dome of the rock and drinking wine.

The historian Ibn Wasel Al-Hamwi, while passing through the city of Jerusalem, narrates about this incident in 641 ah and says: (I saw the monks and the priest on the holy rock, with bottles of wine on it with the drawing of the Eucharist, and entered the Al-Aqsa Mosque with a bell hanging in it.

In front of this remarkable development in the Levant, (the good Sultan Najm al-Din Ayyub) used the khwarizmians who crossed the Euphrates River with 10 thousand fighters under the command of (Prince Hussam al-Din Baraka Khan), who headed forces towards the city of Jerusalem in 642 Ah /1244 ad and managed to besiege and storm it, and the Crusaders of Jerusalem appealed to(Nasser Dawood) owner of Karak, who mediated their exit from Jerusalem to Acre.

After the khwarezmians recaptured the city of Jerusalem, the Ayyubid-Crusader alliance decided to move to push back the danger of (Sultan Al-Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub), who in turn equipped an army under the command of Prince (Rukn al-Din Baybars), and the khwarezmians joined him when he arrived in Gaza, on October 17, 1244, a battle took place known as (Gaza), (the Battle of herbiya) or (the Battle of laforbi), in which the Crusader army on the starboard of the Ayyubid army was the largest Crusader army since the Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, with the support of the khwarezmians, defeated the alliance (Ayyubi-crusader) and encircled the Crusaders who fell between the jaws of pincers, and they fell between killed, wounded and captured, and estimated the number of dead Crusaders More than 5 thousand people were killed.

After the Battle of Gaza, the Battle of herbiya or the Battle of lavorbe, the forces of (Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub) managed to capture the rest of Palestine and pursue the remnants of the ayyubis and Crusaders, so (Salih Imad al-Din Ismail) was fortified in Damascus, and after a long siege, the parties entered into negotiations, after which it was decided that (Salih Imad al-Din Ismail) would surrender Damascus and get out of it unscathed with his money, thus uniting Egypt and the Levant under one Sultan, (Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub).

Sources

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