Canaanite Jerusalem

The Jebusites - from the stomachs of the first Arabs - who were displaced with the Semitic Canaanite tribes from the Arabian Peninsula and settled in the Levant, which was known as the land of Canaan, were the ones who built the city of Jerusalem, which they named Jebus" in the Year (3000 BC.M). They built it on the ruins of an ancient city known as "menorta", which in Aramaic means flame or light. It is considered one of the most important Canaanite cities established at that time.

In the following years, the Jebusites built forts and castles to protect them from invaders, and one of their most important Kings was Melchizedek - his name was later mentioned in the Torah and the Bible Bible", who received the Prophet Abraham ( peace be upon him) in about the year (1900 BC.M.) and invited him to visit the temple of Libus. Historical sources, including the Pharaonic Amarna tablets found in the Karnak Temple in Egypt, indicated that the first appearance of the name of yepus appeared in a letter sent by one of the princes of yepus called "Abd Haiba to the pharaoh of Egypt Thutmose I "Ahmose" in ( 1550) BC.M) appeals to him to strengthen the existing Egyptian garrisons to confront the enemies. The country of Canaan, including yibos, was under Egyptian rule for two hundred years from 1546 BC.M).

Jerusalem and the Israelites the Israelites entered Palestine through the Jordan River in about the year (1189 BC.M.) and they tried to occupy Jerusalem-Jebus" but its king Adoni Sadek made an alliance with the Kings of the neighboring Canaanite cities, where they were able to defeat the Israelites led by Joshua". Later, many battles took place between the Israelites who settled in Hebron and the Canaanites for almost two hundred years, during which they tried to occupy Jerusalem more than once but failed .

In the year ( 1000 or (997) BC), the Prophet David, who became the king of the Israelites, succeeded in capturing the city and removed its secretive Arab character, which it was known for two thousand years, and David, Solomon, and rahimam ruled Jerusalem, which became Jerusalem for seventy-three years before the kingdom they established was divided into two Jewish states, with Jerusalem as its center and the kingdom of Israel with its capital Shechem, and many wars occurred between the two states until they became extinct.

Jerusalem in the Times of the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians and Greeks

The Assyrians from Mesopotamia occupied the kingdom of Judea and its capital Jerusalem several times during the period (720 BC) to 678 BC.Ad) and remained the kingdom of Judea until the year (586 BC.M) when the Babylonians, led by "Nebuchadnezzar, who conquered Jerusalem and destroyed it and destroyed the Temple, ended the rule of the dynasty of King David, captured thousands of Jews and sent them to Babylon after the victory of the Persian king Cyrus over the Babylonians, he conquered Jerusalem in 538 (BC).Ad) the Jews were allowed to return to it again and Jerusalem remained under Persian rule until it was occupied by Alexander of Macedon in (332) BC.Ad), the city subsequently came under the control of Alexander's successors from the batalsa in Egypt in the year (323) .S.M). Then it passed to the control of the Seleucids, the successors of Alexander in Syria, starting in 198 BC.Ad) and even the Roman occupation of the city that had the name of orsalem.

Jerusalem in the Roman era

The Romans conquered Jerusalem in 63 BC.M). The war between the Jews and the Romans broke out in 66 BC.M.) and lasted five years, and ended with the defeat of the Jews, and the end of their presence in Palestine and Jerusalem in (70 AD) at the hands of the Roman commander Titus". In the year (130 AD), the Roman Emperor "Hadrian" worked to transform Elijah into a modern Roman city, theaters, temples, markets and water ponds were established, and the Valley Street and the largest street cardo (maximus) were built. In addition to the creation of a road network, some of which still exist - until now - in the city.

Byzantine Jerusalem

Since Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in 325 AD under the rule of Emperor Constantine, the city of Elijah was rebuilt, removing all pagan monuments from it, where the Church of St. Constantine (martyr) was built, and the Church of the resurrection was built by Empress Helena, the mother of Emperor Constantine. Since this date, the city began to take on spiritual significance, and it formed a new element in Christian history.the Persians, led by King Khosrau II, occupied the city of Jerusalem in (614) after the defeat of Hercules, and demolished Christian churches and shrines. in (629), Hercules managed to defeat the Persians and regain Jerusalem, but his victory did not last long.

Islamic Jerusalem during the reign of the Rashidun caliphs

 In the year ( 636 AD) was the Arab-Islamic conquest of Jerusalem, where the Muslims triumphed over the Romans seven years after their defeat by the Persians in the Battle of Yarmouk, and conquered the city of Jerusalem, and since this date the city of Jerusalem began to live a new historical and religious era, where the Islamic civilization began, which is still ongoing and visible to this day, since Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) entered the holy city in the year (15 Ah / 636 AD), and a document known in history as the age covenant. The process of administrative, judicial, and commercial organization in Jerusalem began a new phase during the reign of Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him.

Umayyad Jerusalem

Caliph MU'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (may Allah be pleased with him) was sworn in as caliph of the Muslims in the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque, and Jerusalem came under his authority since the year (21 Ah | 641 ad) and from Mather Bani Umayya = in Jerusalem: the construction of the dome of the honorable Rock Mosque, the tribal mosque, the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque, the dome of the chain, Umayyad palaces, hostels, baths, camps, towers and public buildings.

Abbasid Jerusalem

The Abbasid caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansur visited Jerusalem in ( 140 Ah / 757 ad) and repaired the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque, which was destroyed by an earthquake in (130 Ah / 747 ad), as well as the Caliph al-Mahdi (may Allah be pleased with him) ordered the reconstruction of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque after it was destroyed in an earthquake in (155 Ah (771 ad) and the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid (may Allah be pleased with him) 170 Ah / 786 ad) to the Emperor Charlemagne by restoring Christian churches and pledging to protect Christians who come to visit the city. At the time of the Abbasid caliph, Allah was secure about him. Then the reconstruction of the dome of the honorable Rock Mosque .

Jerusalem during the time of the ikhshidid state

The ikhshidid princes who ruled Egypt and the southern Levant in the name of the Abbasid caliphate took care of the city of Jerusalem, and gave it special care, and due to their veneration of the city, and their belief in its holiness, they recommended that they be buried in its wealth. the ikhshidid cemetery, which includes the remains of the founder of the ikhshidid emirate and the remains of his

Jerusalem during the time of the Fatimid state

Jerusalem came under the rule of the Fatimids in ( 356 Ah / 966 ad) and their control lasted until ( 465 Ah / 1072 ad), where the Seljuk Sultan liberated it from them and returned it to the Abbasid Caliphate, and the most important Fatimid monuments in Jerusalem are: the Bimaristan, the first hospital known to Jerusalem, located in the tanning lane, and Dar Al-Alam, which was assigned the task of spreading Shiism in Jerusalem and its surroundings, in addition to the renovation of the Western The Caliph, ostensibly to cherish the religion of Allah, developed the industry in specialized markets.

Jerusalem during the Crusader occupation (Frankish):

The Crusaders occupied Jerusalem in ( 492 Ah / 1099 ad) and killed its inhabitants, whose number was estimated at seventy thousand, and also seized most of the properties and buildings in the city, whether for Muslims or for Eastern Christians, and turned the dome of the Rock Mosque, part of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque into two churches, a second part of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque into a residence for the Knights Templar, and finally part they turned the chain into a small church. As for their relics, they built the Church of the half of the World east of the holy city, the Church of St. Anna, the Church of St. Mary and the Church of the Redeemer, restored the Bimaristan, which was the construction of the Fatimids and built a hostel for Christian pilgrims.

Jerusalem at the time of the Ayyubid state

The city of Jerusalem was liberated by Sultan Saladin , may Allah have mercy on him, after his victory over the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin in (583 Ah / 1187 ad), where he conquered the city (on Friday, corresponding to 26 Rajab 583 AH / corresponding to 1187/10/4, Saladin, by liberating Jerusalem, restored the Islamic face of the city, so the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque was cleansed of the traces of the Knights of Daoism ( temple), crosses, images and statues were removed from the dome of the Rock Mosque and the verses were returned he rebuilt the city wall, and returned to the Eastern Christians their churches and property confiscated from them by the Latin Crusaders, and from the monuments of the Ayyubid state in Al-Quds Al-Sharif: The establishment of the valid Bimaristan, the Waqf of Endowments on it, the establishment of the valid Khanqah to paste the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the establishment of the dome of Joseph in the courtyard of the dome of the Rock Mosque, the construction of the mountain mosque on the Mount of Olives, and the establishment of a number of schools and corners, including the valid school, Maimonides, and Zawiya .

In the reign of King Al-Adil Saif al-Din Abi Bakr, the elder brother of Sultan Salah al-Din, the surgical school was built, which was named after its stand Prince Hussam al-Din al-surahi. During the reign of King Muazzam Sharaf al-Din Isa, many urban facilities were built, including : the Muazzam Madrasa, the Badriya madrasa, Shaalan Avenue, and the northern Portico on the facade of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque. In the year (616 Ah / 1219 ad), the Great King Isa destroyed many urban structures, especially the city wall, fearing the capture of the Franks.

Jerusalem at the time of the Mamluk state

Jerusalem came under the rule of the Mamluks in the year (648 Ah / 1250 AD) after the death of the Ayyubid Sultan, the Great King Turan Shah ibn Ayyub, and remained under their rule until the year (922 Ah / 1516 ad), and the Mamluks established the sea and Tower during their reign many urban structures such as mosques, schools, khanqahs, arcades, baths and others, so Jerusalem became a center of Islamic culture and civilization during their reign. During their reign, the demolished Dome of the Rock mosque was renovated in (659 Ah / 1260 ad) and the shrine of the Prophet Moses was built.

The scientific and cultural life in Jerusalem has revived, and one of the manifestations of this revival is the increase in the number of literature, letters and works in the sciences of the Holy Quran, Hadith, translations, literature, history, astronomy, logic, mathematics, medicine and others. An important role in the revitalization of the scientific movement was played by Madrasas, Zawiya, mosques, churches and monasteries. The libraries had a major role in the preservation and protection of manuscripts and the dissemination of knowledge, and the Sultans, princes and ministers were keen to provide the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque and the dome of the Rock mosque with the Holy Qur'an, rubaah and precious books

Stop the Almighty Allah. The economic life revived from agriculture, trade and industry, so the Mamluk Sultans were interested in building fortifications, basements, baths, markets and Khans, and these contributed to the revitalization of Labor And increase its output.

There were many social facilities, varied from asbils, bimaristans, baths and received the attention of the Mamluk Sultans and their princes, and women had an important role in social, religious and scientific life. The Mamluk Sultans were able to equalize religious institutions and guaranteed freedom of worship and the care of shrines and religious institutions, in addition to the large number of Endowments placed on various charitable and religious institutions.

The Mamluks achieved the scientific, political, economic and religious prosperity of the city of Jerusalem, in addition to creating a kind of Accord and peaceful coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims while respecting the freedom of worship and the practice of religious rites and the protection of religious shrines.

The Mamluk character was also reflected on the urban landscape in the city of Jerusalem through the buildings they built inside or around the campus of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque, where there were (13) markets, (33) neighborhoods, (14) Khana, (13) baths, and more than (70) schools, ties and khanqahs.

The Mamluk era in Palestine in general and Jerusalem in particular is considered one of the most magnificent historical epochs in which a number of kings and princes, such as Al-Zahir Baybars, al-Mansur Qalawun, his son Al-Ashraf Khalil, al-Naser Muhammad, Sultan barquq, Qaitbay, qansuh Al-Ghouri and others, were punished for ruling. In short, Palestine witnessed an urban renaissance and a flourishing cultural movement represented by the realization of development projects and social institutions to provide for the requirements of daily life, and improve the conditions of people and their living conditions through the establishment of markets, Khans, schools, mosques, bridges, baths, hospitals, taqaya, corners, and laces, in addition to the expansion of cities and villages, the construction of walls, and the renovation of the construction of castles, installations, forts, and towers.

Mujir al-Din al-Alimi in his book "The Venerable Anas" has given an accurate description of the urban activity in the city of Jerusalem inside the walls and outside .

Jerusalem at the time of the Ottomans

The Ottoman caliphs ruled the city of Jerusalem for four centuries since the year (922 Ah / 1516 ad - 1336 Ah / 1917 ad) and when Sultan Suleiman the magnificent, succeeding Sultan Selim I, took over the rule, rebuilt the city wall, restored the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque, the dome of the honorable Rock Mosque, the castle, built the Sultan's hospice, built water channels, ponds, and erected many urban facilities from:, schools, corners, domes, Khans, avenues and others. The Ottoman reform movement in the year (1200 Ah / 1839 ad) influenced various urban, economic, cultural, political and administrative aspects in the city of Jerusalem. The movement of the Ottoman organizations also led to an increase in foreign penetration in the city of Jerusalem, so the European countries took advantage of this law, which allowed them to establish representations and diplomatic bodies to strengthen their presence; Britain opened its first consulate in the year ( 1254 Ah / 1838 ad), followed by various European countries and established those countries : schools, churches, monasteries, hospitals, acquired real estate, and carried out economic activities to serve their colonial purposes.

The organizations also contributed to improving the administrative conditions in the city of Jerusalem, where the first municipality was established in the city in (1280 Ah / 1863 ad, which contributed to the development of the city in all areas of life. Since the second half of the XIX century, urban activity has begun concretely in the outer quarters of the city wall, since the Russian (Muscovite) complex was established in (1378 Ah / 1860 AD) in the Maidan area. This contributed to encouraging Jerusalemites to build outside the city walls, so the neighborhoods of Bab Al-Sahra, Sheikh Jarrah, massoudia and Misrata appeared, and the buildings also extended to the Talbiya, Baqa and other southwestern neighborhoods.

 With the weakening of power in the Ottoman caliphate, the penetration of European influence in Jerusalem increased, European buildings spread, and the first Zionist colony was built with English help as "Montefiore" on the land of the Hangman, which formed the nucleus of Zionist settlement in the city of Jerusalem.

Jerusalem during the British Mandate period

In 1914, the first World War broke out, a war in which the Ottoman Empire participated alongside Germany in the war against Britain, France, Russia and the United States, and the Middle East was a field of military battles, foremost of which was the Levant, and after grinding battles between the British Army and the Ottoman army in the Suez Canal area, the British forces advanced towards Palestine and towards Jerusalem, which led to the defeat of the Ottomans and their to the Old City through the Hebron gate He stood on the platform of the Castle Stairs in Bab al-Hebron Square, where he read to the audience of clerics, dignitaries and residents of Jerusalem a statement announcing the occupation of the city and the rest of Palestine and the demise of the Ottoman rule, which lasted four decades.

Since that date, the status of Jerusalem has changed, as it was again subjected to foreign colonial occupation, and this time Britain was the new and amazing occupier.the British occupation of Palestine took place less than a month after the Balfour Declaration issued on the second of November 1917, in which Britain, through its foreign minister Lord Arthur Balfour, promised the Zionist movement to seek to establish a national homeland for the Jews in Palestine. In 1922, the British occupation authority was transformed into the same authority of the so-called British Mandate over Palestine by the decision of the league of nations to place Palestine under the British Mandate and to include the Balfour Declaration in the preamble of the mandate instrument.as such, the British Mandate of Palestine continued under the umbrella of what was known as the British Mandate. After the declaration of its mandate over Palestine and under this fateful instrument, Britain contributed to the implementation of the Balfour Declaration by strengthening the Jewish presence in the country, by encouraging Jewish immigration to Palestine.Jerusalem was not far or absent from this conflict in everything that happened and was happening, but it was at the center of the conflict and in the eye of the storm. the British Mandate authorities worked to strengthen the Jewish presence in the city by providing all facilities and assistance to Jewish organizations. in this regard, the British Mandate Government conducted a new planning of the city, expanding its borders, and concentrating government, commercial and service institutions in the western part of the city. In order to strengthen the Jewish presence in Jerusalem and implement the Balfour Declaration, the British occupation government worked on erecting English government buildings in the western part of the city and neglected to make any development in the eastern part of it . Throughout the period from 1917 to 1947, the Palestinian Arab people continued their double resistance, first against the British Mandate authorities, which occupied and colonized Palestine and devoted their efforts to supporting the Zionist movement in order to establish a Jewish national homeland. The second is against the Zionist movement, which came to Palestine to seize land the Palestinian people and to establish a homeland at the expense of their legitimate national rights.

Despite the British policy in Palestine in general and Jerusalem in particular and its role in creating an alien entity in Palestine, it influenced the cultural, social and urban landscape in the city of Jerusalem.it also had a role in protecting the city's antiquities through a set of legislation aimed at protecting historical properties. despite the dominance of the British Mandate, Jerusalem remained during those decades a beacon of civilization, culture and science not only for the people of Jerusalem but for all the Palestinian people. the city witnessed development and transformation at the political, social, economic, commercial, educational, cultural, artistic and urban levels between 1917 and 1948.

Jerusalem division of the city and occupation of the western half 1984in 1947, the UN General Assembly issued a resolution to divide Palestine into two states, a Jewish state and an Arab state, and the Jerusalem area remained under international tutelage, the Arabs rejected the partition decision, while Jewish organizations began to seize the cities of Palestine one after the other and were confronted by the Palestinian resistance forces, represented by the holy jihad forces led by Abdul Qadir al-Husseini, the Salvation Army forces led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji and other Arab volunteer forces from Egyptians, Jordanians, Syrians, Lebanese, Sudanese and others and crossed into Palestine the armies of seven Arab countries to help the Palestinian people starting from the fifteenth day of the month of May In 1948, the first Arab - Israeli war broke out, and it became clear that the forces of Jewish organizations outnumbered and armed, which led to the defeat and Nakba and the expulsion of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians to exile outside Palestine and the declaration of the establishment of the state of Israel . As a result of the Nakba, the map of Jerusalem, which was known by the beginning of the year 1948, changed radically demographically and topographically, the city lost its western half, which fell under Israeli occupation, hundreds of Jerusalemite families were displaced from the neighborhoods of qatamun, Baqa, talibiya, Al-waariya, prophet David, Al-Thawri, Shamma, the German colony and others from the west of the city to its East, and only a very limited number of Arab families remained west of the city, the city lost hundreds of properties and buildings owned either by individuals or surrounding it, thousands of people were displaced to it Thus, by the beginning of 1949, Jerusalem had been divided de facto and de jure, and the connection between the two parts of the holy city was severed, and a wall was erected separating them, and there was no longer any crossing connecting the two parts except a gate called mandalium, the division of the city led to the closure of a number of the most important doors of the Jerusalem wall, namely the doors of in the hands of Western Jewish organizations all administrative buildings, banks, agencies, offices, educational and socio-economic institutions, institutions of The Islamic endowment, hotels, youth associations, the Palestinian Broadcasting House, the health and hospitals Department, cinemas, municipal offices, the Postal Service, the Land Registration Department and other institutions facilitated the establishment of the Jewish state, which was named Israel.

 Jerusalem in the Jordanian era

Following the Palestinian Nakba (1387 Ah / 1967), and the occupation by Jewish organizations of 78% of the area of historical Palestine, after the Nakba, and the subsequent signing of the ceasefire agreement, the division of the city and the annexation of the eastern part of it to the Jordanian administration, there were only two administrative buildings left: the Qishla building and the Palestinian Museum, which led to the creation of a tragic reality and a complete administrative vacuum, and this posed a challenge to the Jordanian administration and the Jerusalemites in order to rebuild the necessary official institutions, in addition to creating the problem of Palestinian refugees who were expelled from the western neighborhoods and from their villages are in the Jerusalem governorate.

From the midst of the ruins, suffering and torment as a result of the division and tearing of the city, the people of Jerusalem began to build again to compensate for what they lost during the year war ١٩٤٨ and the people of Jerusalem performed their greatest roles in that period by working to reconstruct and develop their city in many areas with limited resources and solid will, in the fields of Education, Culture, Health, Tourism, Trade, Reconstruction and development, and others .

During its 19-year rule of Jerusalem, the government of Jordan worked to build administrative and service government institutions, which contributed to the development of the city and the rehabilitation of its social, economic, urban, health and educational sectors, and everything related to infrastructure.

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan continues to play an important role in the city of Jerusalem by sponsoring Islamic and Christian holy places in the city through the Islamic endowments Directorate, providing official and popular political support to the Palestinian cause, and countering occupation plans aimed at Judaizing the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque in particular.

Jerusalem under Israeli occupation in 1967, following the Nakba of 1967, Israel occupied the remaining part of historical Palestine, including the eastern part of Jerusalem, where the Israeli government, less than twenty days after the occupation of East Jerusalem, passed laws from the Israeli Knesset on June 28, 1967, which provided for the annexation of the occupied eastern part, which includes the Old City and the neighborhoods of Silwan, Al-thuri, Ras al-Amud, Bab Al-Sahra, Wadi al-Joz, Sheikh Jarrah and Al-Sawana to the Jerusalem municipality. The implementation of Israeli laws and legislation on Arab East Jerusalem, the Jerusalem Secretariat council dissolved the Municipal Council, and the annexation of all Secretariat organs and employees to the Israeli municipality of Jerusalem expanded the boundaries of the new Israeli municipality so that its area became one hundred and eight dunums instead of forty-eight dunums, and among the neighborhoods that were annexed to the new Israeli municipality are the neighborhoods of Shuafat Beit Hanina, reaching the Jerusalem airport and even the Semiramis hotel near Ramallah Jabal al-Mukaber al-Tur tyre Baher .

Despite the Israeli occupation of all of Jerusalem, east and West, its people have played important roles for fifty years, both in terms of resisting occupation and Judaization by all means and methods, or in terms of rebuilding and developing their social, educational, cultural, tourist and other spheres of life. Since the first moment of the occupation of the city, Israel has been working to Judaize the families of the city and its people, violating all international and humanitarian norms and laws. Despite all the systematic violations and crimes committed by the occupation, and still being carried out in the city of Jerusalem, it has remained intractable to the occupier, the steadfastness of its Palestinian sons does, and it has remained an Arab-Islamic city of identity and features